Covariance p function

This article describes the formula syntax and usage of the COVARIANCE.P function in Microsoft Excel.

Returns population covariance, the average of the products of deviations for each data point pair in two data sets. Use covariance to determine the relationship between two data sets. For example, you can examine whether greater income accompanies greater levels of education.

Syntax

COVARIANCE.P(array1,array2)

The COVARIANCE.P function syntax has the following arguments:

• Array1     Required. The first cell range of integers.

• Array2     Required. The second cell range of integers.

Remarks

• The arguments must either be numbers or be names, arrays, or references that contain numbers.

• If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, those values are ignored; however, cells with the value zero are included.

• If array1 and array2 have different numbers of data points, COVARIANCE.P returns the #N/A error value.

• If either array1 or array2 is empty, COVARIANCE.P returns the #DIV/0! error value.

• The covariance is:

  

  where

  

  are the sample means AVERAGE(array1) and AVERAGE(array2), and n is the sample size.

Example

Copy the example data in the following table, and paste it in cell A1 of a new Excel worksheet. For formulas to show results, select them, press F2, and then press Enter. If you need to, you can adjust the column widths to see all the data.

Data1	Data2
3	9
2	7
4	12
5	15
6	17
Formula	Description	Result
=COVARIANCE.P(A2:A6, B2:B6)	Covariance, the average of the products of deviations for each data point pair above	5.2