Microsoft Office Tutorials: Sum function

The SUM function adds values. You can add individual values, cell references or ranges or a mix of all three.

For example:

=SUM(A2:A10) Adds the values in cells A2:10.
=SUM(A2:A10, C2:C10) Adds the values in cells A2:10, as well as cells C2:C10.

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Syntax:

SUM(number1,[number2],...)

Argument name	Description
number1 Required	The first number you want to add. The number can be like 4, a cell reference like B6, or a cell range like B2:B8.
number2-255 Optional	This is the second number you want to add. You can specify up to 255 numbers in this way.

Argument name

Description

number1

Required

The first number you want to add. The number can be like 4, a cell reference like B6, or a cell range like B2:B8.

number2-255

Optional

This is the second number you want to add. You can specify up to 255 numbers in this way.

Best Practices with SUM

This section will discuss some best practices for working with the SUM function. Much of this can be applied to working with other functions as well.

The =1+2 or =A+B Method – While you can enter =1+2+3 or =A1+B1+C2 and get fully accurate results, these methods are error prone for several reasons:

Typos – Imagine trying to enter more and/or much larger values like this:
- =14598.93+65437.90+78496.23
Then try to validate that your entries are correct. It's much easier to put these values in individual cells and use a SUM formula. In addition, you can format the values when they're in cells, making them much more readable then when they're in a formula.
#VALUE! errors from referencing text instead of numbers

If you use a formula like:
- =A1+B1+C1 or =A1+A2+A3
Your formula can break if there are any non-numeric (text) values in the referenced cells, which will return a #VALUE! error. SUM will ignore text values and give you the sum of just the numeric values.
#REF! error from deleting rows or columns

If you delete a row or column, the formula will not update to exclude the deleted row and it will return a #REF! error, where a SUM function will automatically update.
Formulas won't update references when inserting rows or columns

If you insert a row or column, the formula will not update to include the added row, where a SUM function will automatically update (as long as you're not outside of the range referenced in the formula). This is especially important if you expect your formula to update and it doesn't, as it will leave you with incomplete results that you might not catch.
SUM with individual Cell References vs. Ranges

Using a formula like:
- =SUM(A1,A2,A3,B1,B2,B3)
Is equally error prone when inserting or deleting rows within the referenced range for the same reasons. It's much better to use individual ranges, like:
- =SUM(A1:A3,B1:B3)
Which will update when adding or deleting rows.

Frequently Asked Questions

I just want to Add/Subtract/Multiply/Divide numbers See this video series on Basic Math in Excel, or Use Excel as your calculator.
How do I show more/less decimal places? You can change your number format. Select the cell or range in question and use Ctrl+1 to bring up the Format Cells Dialog, then click the Number tab and select the format you want, making sure to indicate the number of decimal places you want.
How do I add or subtract Times? You can add and subtract times in a few different ways. For example, to get the difference between 8:00 AM - 12:00 PM for payroll purposes you would use: =("12:00 PM"-"8:00 AM")*24, taking the end time minus the start time. Note that Excel calculates times as a fraction of a day, so you need to multiply by 24 to get the total hours. In the first example we're using =((B2-A2)+(D2-C2))*24 to get the sum of hours from start to finish, less a lunch break (8.50 hours total).

If you're simply adding hours and minutes and want to display that way, then you can sum and don't need to multiply by 24, so in the second example we're using =SUM(A6:C6) since we just need the total number of hours and minutes for assigned tasks (5:36, or 5 hours, 36 minutes).

For more information, see: Add or subtract time.
How do I get the difference between dates? As with times, you can add and subtract dates. Here's a very common example of counting the number of days between two dates. It's as simple as =B2-A2. The key to working with both Dates and Times is that you start with the End Date/Time and subtract the Start Date/Time.

For more ways to work with dates see: Calculate the difference between two dates.
How do I sum just visible cells? Sometimes, when you manually hide rows or use AutoFilter to display only certain data you also only want to sum the visible cells. You can use the SUBTOTAL function. If you're using a total row in an Excel table, any function you select from the Total drop-down will automatically be entered as a subtotal. See more about how to Total the data in an Excel table.

Need more help?

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